The respect levels of Javanese present special difficulties for teachers and learners of Javanese as a foreign language. In addition to the two basic respect levels (called ngoko or “low Javanese” and krama or “high Javanese”), there is an an augmented respect level with two aspects, called krama inggil and krama andhap. The compulsory tu-vous distinction of French is multiplied many hundreds of times over in all word classes of Javanese – even in affixes. Javanese has one of the most elaborate systems of respect usage of any recorded language. It has a written tradition stretching back 1,000 years and today exerts a powerful influence on Indonesia’s national language, Bahasa Indonesia. Teaching Javanese Respect Usage to Foreign Learners George Quinn ( ) Australian National University, Australia.Ībstract With around 80 million speakers, Javanese is the biggest of Indonesia’s regional languages. 362–370 © Centre for Language Studies National University of Singapore Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 2011, Vol.
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